![]() Acoustically mediated long-range interaction among multiple spherical particles exposed to a plane standing wave. Nonlinear trapping stiffness of mid-air single-axis acoustic levitators. Direct observation of particle interactions and clustering in charged granular streams. High-speed tracking of rupture and clustering in freely falling granular streams. Clustering instability in dissipative gases. Cluster formation due to collisions in granular material. On interaction between two bodies immersed in a solution of macromolecules. Two-dimensional clusters of colloidal spheres: ground states, excited states, and structural rearrangements. Oscillational instabilities in single-mode acoustic levitators. ![]() Forces acting on a small particle in an acoustical field in a viscous fluid. Collisional charging of individual submillimeter particles: using ultrasonic levitation to initiate and track charge transfer. Sound-mediated stable configurations for polystyrene particles. Forces acting on a small particle in an acoustic field within an ideal fluid. Surface roughness directed self-assembly of patchy particles into colloidal micelles. The free-energy landscape of clusters of attractive hard spheres. Dense packing and symmetry in small clusters of microspheres. Symmetry-reversals in chiral active matter. ![]() Roles of energy dissipation in a liquid–solid transition of out-of-equilibrium systems. Measurement of growing dynamical length scales and prediction of the jamming transition in a granular material. Fluidized granular medium as an instance of the fluctuation theorem. Observing Brownian motion in vibration-fluidized granular matter. Clustering, order, and collapse in a driven granular monolayer. These results open up new possibilities for non-invasively manipulating macroscopic particles, tuning their interactions and directing their assembly. Our main results, obtained using experiments and modelling, reveal that, in contrast to thermal colloids, in non-equilibrium granular ensembles the magnitude of active fluctuations controls not only the assembly rates but also their assembly pathways and ground-state statistics. To illuminate the interplay between attractions and fluctuations, we investigate transitions among ground states of two-dimensional clusters composed of a few particles. Scattered sound establishes short-range attractions between small particles 14, while detuning the acoustic trap generates active fluctuations 15. Here we overcome this limitation and investigate granular cluster formation by using acoustic levitation and trapping 11, 12, 13. While depletion interactions drive clustering and assembly in colloids 7, 8, 9, 10, no equivalent short-range attractions exist between macroscopic grains. Mechanically agitated granular matter often serves as a prototype for exploring the rich physics associated with hard-sphere systems, with an effective temperature introduced by vibrating or shaking 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
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